What Happened on July 12

Complete Timeline — July 12 Through the Ages

1. 526

   St Felix IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope

   St Felix IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope

2. 927

   King Aethelstan is the first southern English king to gain control of much of the north of Britain when various local ki

   King Aethelstan is the first southern English king to gain control of much of the north of Britain when various local kings accept his overlordship at Eamont, Cumbria

3. 1109

   Crusaders capture Syria's harbor city of Tripoli

   Evidence of settlement in Tripoli dates back as early as 1400 BCE. Tripoli was originally a Phoenician colony.

4. 1192

   Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Taishōgun, the first ruling shogun in the history of Japan and de facto ruler

   Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Taishōgun, the first ruling shogun in the history of Japan and de facto ruler

5. 1472

   Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester and later King of England, marries Anne Neville, daughter of the Earl of Warwick

   Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester and later King of England, marries Anne Neville, daughter of the Earl of Warwick, in Westminster Abbey.

6. 1493

   The Nuremburg Chronicle, an illustrated history of the world, is first published in Latin in Nuremburg, compiled by Hart

   The Nuremburg Chronicle, an illustrated history of the world, is first published in Latin in Nuremburg, compiled by Hartmann Schedel and published by Anton Koberger [1]

7. 1536

   Erasmus dies

   Erasmus dies

8. 1542

   French troops under Maarten van Rossem occupy Flanders

   French troops under Maarten van Rossem occupy Flanders

9. 1543

   King of England Henry VIII (52) weds twice-widowed Catherine Parr (30) at Hampton Court Palace, his sixth and final wife

   King of England Henry VIII (52) weds twice-widowed Catherine Parr (30) at Hampton Court Palace, his sixth and final wife

10. 1549

    Kett's uprising occupies Norwich, England

    Kett's Rebellion was a revolt in the English county of Norfolk during the reign of Edward VI, largely in response to the enclosure of land.

11. 1561

    "Trinity Church" (now Saint Basil's Cathedral) is consecrated in Moscow, Russia, built to commemorate defeat of the Mong

    "Trinity Church" (now Saint Basil's Cathedral) is consecrated in Moscow, Russia, built to commemorate defeat of the Mongols at battle of Kazan

12. 1580

    Ostrog Bible, the first printed Bible in a Slavic language, is published

    Ostrog Bible, the first printed Bible in a Slavic language, is published

13. 1630

    New Amsterdam's governor buys Gull Island from Indians for cargo, renames it Oyster Island, later known as Ellis Island

    New Amsterdam's governor buys Gull Island from Indians for cargo, renames it Oyster Island, later known as Ellis Island

14. 1673

    Second Battle of the James River: Dutch fleet led by admirals Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Jacob Binckes wins a ta

    Second Battle of the James River: Dutch fleet led by admirals Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Jacob Binckes wins a tactical victory against an improvised English squadron led by Thomas Gardiner and captures four English ships

15. 1679

    Britain's King Charles II ratifies Habeas Corpus Act allowing prisoners' right to a court review of the justification fo

    Britain's King Charles II ratifies Habeas Corpus Act allowing prisoners' right to a court review of the justification for their imprisonment

16. 1691

    Antonio Pignatelli elected as Pope Innocentius XII

    Pope Innocent XII (Latin: Innocentius XII; Italian: Innocenzo XII; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born Antonio Pignatelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12...

17. 1704

    Stanislaw Leszcynski becomes king of part of Poland

    Stanislaw Leszcynski becomes king of part of Poland

18. 1705

    Ottoman army officer Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī proclaims himself Bey of Tunis, founding the Husainid Dynasty (dynasty rules til

    Ottoman army officer Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī proclaims himself Bey of Tunis, founding the Husainid Dynasty (dynasty rules till 1957)

19. 1730

    Lorenzo Corsini chosen as Pope Clement XII

    Pope Clement XII (Latin: Clemens XII; Italian: Clemente XII; 7 April 1652 – 6 February 1740), born Lorenzo Corsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1730 to...

20. 1774

    Citizens of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, pass a symbolic declaration of independence

    Citizens of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, pass a symbolic declaration of independence

21. 1776

    Captain James Cook departs Plymouth, England helming HMS Resolution, beginning his 3rd and final trip to the Pacific

    Captain James Cook departs Plymouth, England helming HMS Resolution, beginning his 3rd and final trip to the Pacific

22. 1785

    First manned flight in Netherlands: Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard lifts off in his gas balloon from Noordeinde Palace

    First manned flight in Netherlands: Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard lifts off in his gas balloon from Noordeinde Palace in The Hague

23. 1790

    French Revolution: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is adopted, putting the Catholic Church in France under the cont

    French Revolution: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is adopted, putting the Catholic Church in France under the control of the state

24. 1801

    Second Battle of Algeciras: British fleet beats French and Spanish (six days after losing the 1st Battle of Algeciras)

    Second Battle of Algeciras: British fleet beats French and Spanish (six days after losing the 1st Battle of Algeciras)

25. 1804

    Former United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton dies after being shot in a pistol duel the previous da

    Former United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton dies after being shot in a pistol duel the previous day by Vice President Aaron Burr, near Weehaken, New Jersey

26. 1812

    US forces led by General Hull invade Canada (War of 1812)

    1812 (MDCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1812th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD)...

27. 1814

    William Howe dies

    William Howe, American army officer and politician, known for british army officer and politician, died on 1814-07-12.

28. 1817

    First flower show is held in Dannybrook, County Cork, Ireland

    First flower show is held in Dannybrook, County Cork, Ireland

29. 1850

    The Dutch Second Chamber accepts the establishment of Provincial States

    The Dutch Second Chamber accepts the establishment of Provincial States

30. 1852

    Hipólito Yrigoyen is born

    Hipólito Yrigoyen is born

31. 1859

    William Goodale patents paper bag manufacturing machines in Massachusetts

    William Goodale patents paper bag manufacturing machines in Massachusetts

32. 1862

    Federal troops occupy Helena, Arkansas

    During the American Civil War, Arkansas was a Confederate state, though it had initially voted to remain in the Union.

33. 1863

    British forces invade the Waikato in New Zealand, home of the Māori King Movement, beginning a new phase of the New Zeal

    British forces invade the Waikato in New Zealand, home of the Māori King Movement, beginning a new phase of the New Zealand Wars between the colonial government and allied Māori tribes on one side and Māori on the other [1]

34. 1874

    Ontario Agricultural College founded

    The Ontario Agricultural College (OAC) originated at the agricultural laboratories of the Toronto Normal School, and was officially founded in 1874 as an associate agricultural college of the...

35. 1878

    Yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans begins, resulting in an estimated 4,500 deaths in the city

    Yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans begins, resulting in an estimated 4,500 deaths in the city

36. 1879

    Agricultural and industrial tariffs are introduced in Germany

    Agricultural and industrial tariffs are introduced in Germany

37. 1882

    First ocean pier in the US is completed in Washington, D.C.

    First ocean pier in the US is completed in Washington, D.C.

38. 1884

    Louis B. Mayer is born

    Louis B. Mayer, American canadian-american film producer, known for canadian-american film producer, was born on 1884-07-12.

39. 1890

    Welsh-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley (59) marries English artist Dorothy Tennant (46) at Westminster Abbey

    Welsh-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley (59) marries English artist Dorothy Tennant (46) at Westminster Abbey

40. 1895

    Oscar Hammerstein II is born

    Oscar Hammerstein II, American musician, known for american librettist, was born on 1895-07-12.

41. 1898

    Jean-Baptiste Marchand hoists French flag in Fashoda, Sudan

    The Marchand Mission was an expedition undertaken by French emissary Jean-Baptiste Marchand (1863-1934) and 150 men with designs to expand French colonial power in northeastern Africa. Starting from...

42. 1900

    °F (46°C) is recorded in Basin, Wyoming (state record)

    Basin is a town in and the county seat of Big Horn County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 1,288 at the 2020 census.

43. 1901

    In Germany a group of 104 aristocrats present a deceleration against dueling, though the tradition will go on

    In Germany a group of 104 aristocrats present a deceleration against dueling, though the tradition will go on

44. 1904

    Pablo Neruda is born

    Pablo Neruda, Chilean chilean poet, diplomat, and politician, known for chilean poet, diplomat, and politician, was born on 1904-07-12.

45. 1905

    The British and Japanese renew their alliance (of January 1902) for 10 years and agree to provide mutual support if atta

    The British and Japanese renew their alliance (of January 1902) for 10 years and agree to provide mutual support if attacked by other power

46. 1909

    16th Amendment was passed by congress (power to tax incomes)

    The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states on the basis of population.

47. 1910

    Charles Rolls dies

    Charles Rolls, British motoring and aviation pioneer, known for british motoring and aviation pioneer, died on 1910-07-12.

48. 1912

    First foreign feature film is exhibited in the US: "Queen Elizabeth" in New York City

    First foreign feature film is exhibited in the US: "Queen Elizabeth" in New York City

49. 1913

    ,000 Ulstermen gather and resolve to resist Irish Home Rule by force of arms as the British Liberals promise the Irish n

    ,000 Ulstermen gather and resolve to resist Irish Home Rule by force of arms as the British Liberals promise the Irish nationalists Home Rule, making civil war appear imminent

50. 1916

    Joseph Dunn (14) is attacked by a shark, suffering non-fatal wounds in New Jersey, the final episode in a spate of shark

    Joseph Dunn (14) is attacked by a shark, suffering non-fatal wounds in New Jersey, the final episode in a spate of shark attacks along the Jersey coast where 4 people died over 12 days

51. 1916

    Lyudmila Pavlichenko is born

    Lyudmila Pavlichenko soviet sniper, known for soviet sniper, was born on 1916-07-12. Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko was a Soviet sniper in the Red Army during World War II.

52. 1917

    The Bisbee Deportation occurs as vigilantes kidnap and deport nearly 1,300 striking miners and others from Bisbee, Arizo

    The Bisbee Deportation occurs as vigilantes kidnap and deport nearly 1,300 striking miners and others from Bisbee, Arizona

53. 1918

    Japanese battleship explodes in Bay of Tokayama, 500 killed

    Japanese battleship explodes in Bay of Tokayama, 500 killed

54. 1920

    Lithuania and USSR sign peace treaty, Lithuania becomes independent republic

    Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

55. 1920

    Pierre Berton is born

    Pierre Berton author, known for canadian author, was born on 1920-07-12. Pierre Francis de Marigny Berton, CC, O.Ont.

56. 1921

    Cleveland Indians (9) and New York Yankees (7) combine for an American League record of 16 doubles

    The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx.

57. 1926

    Guomindangleger draws against warlord Wu Peifu

    Guomindangleger draws against warlord Wu Peifu

58. 1926

    Gertrude Bell dies

    Gertrude Bell dies

59. 1931

    45,715 fans in the 35,000-seat Sportsman's Park in St. Louis help cause many ground-rule doubles, 11 in the first game a

    45,715 fans in the 35,000-seat Sportsman's Park in St. Louis help cause many ground-rule doubles, 11 in the first game and 21 in the second game for a total of 32

60. 1932

    Hedley Verity establishes a first-class cricket record by taking all 10 wickets for only 10 runs against Nottinghamshire

    Hedley Verity establishes a first-class cricket record by taking all 10 wickets for only 10 runs against Nottinghamshire on a pitch affected by a storm

61. 1933

    Congress passes first minimum wage law (33 cents per hour)

    Minimum wage law is the body of law which prohibits employers from hiring employees or workers for less than a given hourly, daily or monthly minimum wage.

62. 1934

    US Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz Island abandoned

    Alcatraz Island () is a small island about 1.25 miles offshore from San Francisco in San Francisco Bay, California, near the Golden Gate Strait.

63. 1935

    Belgium recognizes Soviet Union

    Belgium recognizes Soviet Union

64. 1937

    Tupolev ANT-25 non-stop flight from Moscow to San Jacinto, California

    Tupolev ANT-25 non-stop flight from Moscow to San Jacinto, California

65. 1938

    Bill Cosby is born

    Bill Cosby entertainer, known for american entertainer, was born on 1938-07-12. William Henry Cosby Jr. is an American former comedian, actor, and media personality.

66. 1940

    Frederick McKinley Jones receives a patent for an air conditioning unit for trucks, helping to change long-haul carriage

    Frederick McKinley Jones receives a patent for an air conditioning unit for trucks, helping to change long-haul carriage of food and blood

67. 1943

    World War II: Battle of Prokhorovka - Russia defeats German forces in one of the largest ever tank battles

    The Battle of Kursk, also called the Battle of the Kursk Salient, was a major World War II Eastern Front battle between the forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in southwestern...

68. 1943

    Battle of Kolombangara (Second Battle of Gulf of Kula)

    The Battle of Kula Gulf took place in the early hours of 6 July 1943 during World War II.

69. 1943

    Christine McVie is born

    Christine McVie, English musician, known for british musician, was born on 1943-07-12. Christine Anne McVie was an English musician.

70. 1944

    Theresienstadt Family camp disbands, with 4,000 people gased

    The Theresienstadt family camp (Czech: Terezínský rodinný tábor, German: Theresienstädter Familienlager), also known as the Czech family camp, consisted of a group of Jewish inmates from the...

71. 1945

    Chicago Cubs beat Boston, 6-1 to halt Braves outfielder Tommy Holmes' modern-day record NL hitting streak at 37 games

    Chicago Cubs beat Boston, 6-1 to halt Braves outfielder Tommy Holmes' modern-day record NL hitting streak at 37 games

72. 1948

    First jets to fly across Atlantic (six RAF de Havilland Vampires)

    The de Havilland DH100 Vampire is a British jet fighter which was developed and manufactured by the de Havilland Aircraft Company.

73. 1949

    Baseball owners agree to erect warning paths before each fence

    Baseball owners agree to erect warning paths before each fence

74. 1950

    Hague Council of Annulment convicts German war criminals W Lages, FH Van de Funten and F Fischer to death

    Hague Council of Annulment convicts German war criminals W Lages, FH Van de Funten and F Fischer to death

75. 1951

    Mob tries to keep black family from moving into all-white Cicero, Illinois

    Mob tries to keep black family from moving into all-white Cicero, Illinois

76. 1953

    KTVB TV channel 7 in Boise, ID (NBC) begins broadcasting

    KTVB (channel 7) is a television station in Boise, Idaho, United States, affiliated with NBC and owned by Tegna Inc.

77. 1954

    ANC President Albert Luthuli banned by South African Minister of Justice from attending public gatherings and confined t

    ANC President Albert Luthuli banned by South African Minister of Justice from attending public gatherings and confined to the magisterial district of Lower Tugela, Natal

78. 1955

    Christian Democratic Party forms in Argentina

    Christian Democratic Party forms in Argentina

79. 1957

    US Surgeon General Leroy Burney links smoking to lung cancer

    US Surgeon General Leroy Burney links smoking to lung cancer

80. 1957

    Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes the first President to fly by helicopter

    Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes the first President to fly by helicopter

81. 1958

    US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Bikini Island

    US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Bikini Island

82. 1959

    NBC uses cameras to show catchers signals during Yankee-Red Sox game

    NBC uses cameras to show catchers signals during Yankee-Red Sox game

83. 1960

    Orlyonok, the main Young Pioneer camp of the Russian SFSR, is founded

    The Russian Children's Center "Orlyonok" is a federal state all-year camp for kids aged 11–16 (school grades 6 through 10).

84. 1962

    Rolling Stones' first performance at the Marquee Club in London

    The Marquee Club was a music venue in London, England, that opened in 1958 with a range of jazz and skiffle acts.

85. 1962

    First two-manned craft in space (USSR)

    First two-manned craft in space (USSR)

86. 1966

    10.51 inches (26.70 cm) of rainfall in Sandusky, Ohio (state record, until broken in 1995)

    10.51 inches (26.70 cm) of rainfall in Sandusky, Ohio (state record, until broken in 1995)

87. 1967

    Greek regime deprives 480 Greeks of their citizenship

    Greek regime deprives 480 Greeks of their citizenship

88. 1968

    Couve de Murville forms government in France

    Couve de Murville forms government in France

89. 1969

    During the "marching season," serious rioting occurs in Derry, Belfast, and Dungiven, forcing many families in Belfast t

    During the "marching season," serious rioting occurs in Derry, Belfast, and Dungiven, forcing many families in Belfast to leave their homes

90. 1970

    Tanzania signs contract with China for building Tanzam-railway between Tanzania and Zambia

    Tanzania signs contract with China for building Tanzam-railway between Tanzania and Zambia

91. 1971

    Juan Corona, indicted for 25 murders

    Juan Vallejo Corona (February 7, 1934 – March 4, 2019) was a Mexican serial killer who was convicted of the murders of 25 transient laborers found buried in peach orchards along the Feather River in...

92. 1972

    Kristi Yamaguchi is born

    Kristi Yamaguchi, American athlete, known for american figure skater, was born on 1972-07-12. Kristine Tsuya Yamaguchi is an American former competitive figure skater, author and philanthropist.

93. 1973

    A fire destroys the entire sixth floor of the National Personnel Records Center of the United States

    The National Personnel Records Center fire of 1973, also known as the 1973 National Archives fire, was a fire that occurred at the Military Personnel Records Center (MPRC) in the St.

94. 1974

    John Ehrlichman convicted of violating Daniel Ellsberg's rights

    Daniel Ellsberg (April 7, 1931 – June 16, 2023) was an American political activist, economist, and United States military analyst.

95. 1975

    England cricket wicketkeeper Bob Taylor catches seven in an innings for Derbyshire vs. Yorkshire at Queen's Park, Cheste

    England cricket wicketkeeper Bob Taylor catches seven in an innings for Derbyshire vs. Yorkshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield

96. 1976

    First "Family Feud" game show debuts on ABC hosted by Richard Dawson

    Family Feud is an American television game show created by Mark Goodson. Two families compete on each episode to name the most popular answers to survey questions in order to win cash and prizes. The...

97. 1977

    John Edrich scores his 100th century for Surrey against Derbyshire at The Oval

    John Hugh Edrich, (21 June 1937 – 23 December 2020) was an English first-class cricketer who, during a career that ran from 1956 to 1978, was considered one of the best batsmen of his generation.

98. 1978

    US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site

    US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site

99. 1978

    Brock Lesnar is born

    Brock Lesnar, American professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist, known for american professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist, was born on 1978-07-12.

100. 1979

     "Disco Demolition Night" at Comiskey Park: fans go wild destroying disco records and cause the White Sox to forfeit seco

     "Disco Demolition Night" at Comiskey Park: fans go wild destroying disco records and cause the White Sox to forfeit second game of a doubleheader to the Detroit Tigers

101. 1982

     Britain announces it is returning 593 Argentine POWs

     Britain announces it is returning 593 Argentine POWs

102. 1983

     Chad government troops reconquer Abéché

     Chad government troops reconquer Abéché

103. 1984

     A car bomb set off by the military wing of the ANC, explodes in Durban South Africa killing 5 and injuring 27 people

     A car bomb set off by the military wing of the ANC, explodes in Durban South Africa killing 5 and injuring 27 people

104. 1986

     Steven McDonald, New York City Police Department patrolman, is shot and paralyzed by Shavod Jones

     Steven D. McDonald (March 1, 1957 – January 10, 2017) was a New York City Police Department patrolman who was shot and paralyzed on July 12, 1986. The shooting left him quadriplegic.

105. 1987

     Fifty white South Africans meet ANCers in Dakar

     Fifty white South Africans meet ANCers in Dakar

106. 1988

     Margo Adams alleges Red Sox Wade Bogg's had an affair with her

     Margo Adams alleges Red Sox Wade Bogg's had an affair with her

107. 1989

     Inbee Park is born

     Inbee Park, South Korean athlete, known for south korean professional golfer, was born on 1989-07-12.

108. 1991

     Rachel Brosnahan is born

     Rachel Brosnahan, American actress, known for american actress, was born on 1991-07-12. Rachel Elizabeth Brosnahan is an American actress.

109. 1993

     7.8 earthquake hits Hokkaido Japan, killing 160

     7.8 earthquake hits Hokkaido Japan, killing 160

110. 1994

     Nomination hearings for Stephen Breyer for Supreme Court Justice begin

     Nomination hearings for Stephen Breyer for Supreme Court Justice begin

111. 1997

     Cubs play in their 5,000th consecutive game without being no-hit

     Cubs play in their 5,000th consecutive game without being no-hit

112. 1998

     FIFA World Cup Final, Stade de France, Saint-Denis: Zinedine Zidane scores twice as France wins first World Cup beating

     FIFA World Cup Final, Stade de France, Saint-Denis: Zinedine Zidane scores twice as France wins first World Cup beating Brazil, 3-0

113. 1998

     Malala Yousafzai is born

     Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani education activist, known for pakistani education activist, was born on 1998-07-12.

114. 2006

     Hezbollah initiates Operation True Promise

     Hezbollah initiates Operation True Promise

115. 2008

     Canadian harness racer John Campbell wins his 10,000th race as a driver by guiding 'Share the Delight' to victory in the

     Canadian harness racer John Campbell wins his 10,000th race as a driver by guiding 'Share the Delight' to victory in the 6th race at Meadowlands Racetrack

116. 2012

     people are killed by the Syrian army in Tremseh

     people are killed by the Syrian army in Tremseh

117. 2013

     Eight people are killed after a commuter train derails in Paris

     Eight people are killed after a commuter train derails in Paris

118. 2014

     World premiere of Richard Blackford and Bernie Krause's "The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony," combining natural recordi

     World premiere of Richard Blackford and Bernie Krause's "The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony," combining natural recordings of animals, including gibbons, whales, birds, and frogs, with a traditional classical orchestra, by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales led by Martyn Brabbins at the Cheltenham

119. 2017

     World's largest iceberg (later christened A68) breaks away from Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica, about 6,000 sq km in l

     World's largest iceberg (later christened A68) breaks away from Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica, about 6,000 sq km in length

120. 2021

     At least 92 people die in a fire in a COVID-19 hospital ward in Iraqi city of Nasiriya

     At least 92 people die in a fire in a COVID-19 hospital ward in Iraqi city of Nasiriya

121. 2022

     Netflix's South Korean drama "Squid Game" is the first non-English series to be nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Dr

     Netflix's South Korean drama "Squid Game" is the first non-English series to be nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Drama [1]

122. 2023

     NATO summit ends in Vilnius, Lithuania, with Turkey agreeing to Sweden's membership and Ukraine membership “when allies

     NATO summit ends in Vilnius, Lithuania, with Turkey agreeing to Sweden's membership and Ukraine membership “when allies agree and conditions are met” [1]

123. 2024

     American "Charmed" actress Shannen Doherty (53) finalizes divorce from third husband, photographer Kurt Iswarienko (50)

     American "Charmed" actress Shannen Doherty (53) finalizes divorce from third husband, photographer Kurt Iswarienko (50) after 12 years of marriage

124. 2025

     New Caledonia is declared a state by France in a historic autonomy deal but remains within the Republic [1]

     New Caledonia is declared a state by France in a historic autonomy deal but remains within the Republic [1]

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