A complete timeline of historical events, famous births, notable deaths, and holidays that occurred on December 15 throughout history.
111
Events
9
Births
The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first mentioned in the written records as the inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire.
Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran as part of the Mongol offensive in Southwest Asia
Bartolomeu Dias returns to Portugal after becoming the first known European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope
German astronomer Simon Marius is the first to observe the Andromeda Galaxy through a telescope, describing it as "like a candle seen at night through a horn"
US Bill of Rights is ratified and becomes Amendments 1 through 10 of the US Constitution when Virginia gives its approval
Napoleon Bonaparte receives a French state funeral in Paris 19 years after his death
ANZAC forces begin their withdrawal from the Gallipoli Peninsula after Ottoman forces successfully defend access to Constantinople
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the...
"Gone with the Wind", drama film directed by Victor Fleming and starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh, premieres in Atlanta (Best Picture 1940, highest-grossing film of all time unadjusted for inflation)
"Folsom Prison Blues" is a song by American singer-songwriter Johnny Cash, based on material composed by Gordon Jenkins.
Since its inception in 1954, Sports Illustrated has annually presented the Sportsman of the Year award to "the athlete or team whose performance that year most embodies the spirit of sportsmanship...
French "Statue of Liberty" sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (41) weds one of his models, Jeanne-Emilie Baheux Puysieux (46) in Newport, Rhode Island, until his death in 1904
American actor Gary Cooper (32) weds American actress Veronica Balfe (20) at her mother's home on Park Avenue, New York City, until his death in 1961
American country music star Hank Williams (21) weds American country singer Audrey Sheppard (21). her second marriage and his first; divorce in 1952
Mary Astor (born Lucile Vasconcellos Langhanke; May 3, 1906 – September 25, 1987) was an American actress.
Pop singer Madonna (50) divorces film director Guy Ritchie (40) due to unreasonable behavior after almost 8 years of marriage
American "Nip/Tuck" actor Dylan Walsh (47) divorces actress Joana Going (47) due to irreconcilable differences after 6 years of marriage
Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian appoints a commission to codify the works of classical jurists (the Digest published 533)
St Sergius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope succeeding Conon
Chancellor Haimeric selects pope (Lamberto becomes Honorius II)
Sicilian chancellor Stephen du Perche moves the royal court to Messina to prevent a rebellion.
Bishop Jonah of Moscow chosen as the new Metropolitan of Kiev, for the first time by the bishops of Moscow not the Patriarch of Constantinople
Stephen III of Moldavia defeats Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, with the latter being injured thrice, at the Battle of Baia
Leidse university names Rembert Dodoens professor of botany and medicine
Laevinus Torrentius, becomes bishop of Antwerp
State of Holland grants a patent for a windmill with a crankshaft
Duke of Braganca crowned King Johan IV of Portugal
Philippines: Andres Malongs rebels plunders Bagnotan
Brandenburg declares himself neutral in Devolutie War
King Philip's War: After peace talk fail, Narraganset warriors attack the Jireh Bull Blockhouse, in South Kingston, Rhode Island, killing at least 15 colonists
Tax revolt on Terschelling due to tax on cereal
Battle at Kesseldorf: Prussian force beats Saksen & Austria near Dresden
First US law school is established at the University of Pennsylvania
Insurance Company of North America (INA) is the oldest capital stock insurance company in the United States, founded in Philadelphia in 1792.
The Revolutionary Tribunal (French: Tribunal révolutionnaire; unofficially Popular Tribunal) was a court instituted by the National Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political...
1st Irish magazine in US, "Shamrock" published
1st General pharmacopoeia in US published, Boston
The 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire was the first of two major fires the U.S. Patent Office has had in its history. It occurred in Blodget's Hotel building, Washington on December 15, 1836.
Philadelphia ( FIL-ə-DEL-fee-ə), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
GR Kirchoff describes chemical composition of the Sun
Anina is a town in the Banat region of Romania, in Caraș-Severin County, with a population of 5,521 in 2021. The town administers one village, Steierdorf (German: Steierdorf, Hungarian: Stájerlak).
Battle of Nashville, Tennessee: Union forces under General George Thomas shatters General John Bell Hood's Confederate Army of Tennessee
Shogunate rebels found Ezo Republic in Hokkaidō
1st reigning king to visit US is the King of Hawaii, received by President Grant
Preview performance of Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 - "New World Symphony" draws a crowd to Carnegie Hall, New York City [1]
Day 2 of first cricket test between Australia and England, Australia 586 runs (Gregory 201) England 3-130
Battle at Colenso, South Africa: British army defeated by Boer force
German agricultural tariffs are increased
New York Wall Street vendor Italo Marchiony is granted a patent for a mound apparatus for making ice cream cones
The Pushkin House, formally the Institute of Russian Literature (Институт русской литературы), is a research institute in St. Petersburg.
In Persia, the Shah leads a coup de'etat against the liberal Prime Minister Nasir ul-Mulk and imprisons him, but a popular uprising forces the Shah to restore Nasir ul-Mulk soon after
Thomas J. Lynch becomes president of baseball's National League
Nicaragua becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty
The Battle of Łódź (German: Schlacht um Łódź) or Lodz operation took place from 11 November to 6 December 1914, near the city of Łódź in Poland.
The Battle of Verdun was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the Western Front in France. The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north of Verdun.
Moldavian Republic declares independence from Russia
American Jewish Congress holds its 1st meeting
Edna St Vincent Millay's play "Aria da Capo" premieres in NYC
IVVV (association) peace congress on war forms in Hague
1st road with a depressed trough (Texas) opens to traffic
Fascist national symbol elevated in Italy
Frances Marion Parker (October 11, 1915 – December 17, 1927) was an American child who was abducted and murdered in Los Angeles, California, in 1927.
Baseball owners agree to ban Sunday doubleheaders until after June 15
In major upset, Dutch grand master Max Euwe becomes World Chess Champion beating Russian Alexander Alekhine (9 wins, 13 draws, 8 losses) in Zandvoort, Netherlands
KVL-AM in Seattle Washington changes call letters to KEEN (now KING)
Groundbreaking begins for Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C.
Gas/electrical use restricted in Holland
Massachusetts issues 1st US vehicular license plate tabs
John Joseph O'Connor (January 15, 1920 – May 3, 2000) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of New York from 1984 until his death in 2000, and was made a cardinal in...
Frank Joseph Filchock (October 8, 1916 – June 20, 1994) was an American professional football player and coach.
Former state department official Alger Hiss indicted in NYC for perjury
The 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal station is an express station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway.
Christine Jorgenson is the first known American to undergo a sex-change operation
WJHG TV channel 7 in Panama City, FL (NBC/ABC) begins broadcasting
Fordham University scraps football team for financial reasons
Emergency crisis in North Ireland proclaimed after IRA strikes
Everly Brothers record "Let It Be Me", an English translation of Gilbert Bécaud's French song "Je t'appartiens"; reaches No. 7 on the charts
The national flag of Canada, popularly referred to as the Maple Leaf, consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1∶2∶1, in which is featured one stylized, red,...
3rd cyclone of year kills 15,000 at the mouths of the Ganges River in Bangladesh
Audouin Dollfus discovers 10th satellite of Saturn, Janus
"Christmas Time (Is Here Again)" is a Christmas song by the English rock band the Beatles, originally recorded for their fifth fan club Christmas record, Christmas Time Is Here Again! (1967).
The Constitution of the State of Illinois is the governing document of the state of Illinois. There have been four Illinois Constitutions, with the fourth version adopted in 1970.
USSR performs nuclear test at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in northeast Kazakhstan
Jean Paul Getty Sr. (December 15, 1892 – June 6, 1976) was an American petroleum industrialist who founded the Getty Oil Company in 1942 and was the patriarch of the Getty family.
Jamaica premier Manley wins elections
British rocker David Bowie performs three songs on American television program Saturday Night Live - "The Man Who Sold the World", "TVC-15" and "Boys Keep Swinging"
Intelsat V F-3, then named Intelsat 503, was a communications satellite operated by COMSAT. Launched on 15 December 1981, it was the third of fifteen Intelsat V satellites to be launched.
Bill Parcells becomes 12th head coach of NY Giants
Last 80 US combat soldiers in Grenada withdrawn
USSR launches Vega 1 for rendezvous with Halley's Comet
killed during race riot in Karachi
CIA director William J. Casey suffers a cerebral seizure
First National US tour of musical "Les Misérables" opens at Shubert Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts
Lori Davis of Long Island sues Mike Tyson for grabbing her buttocks
John Bruton becomes Ireland's premier
The Leaning Tower of Pisa reopens after 11 years and $27,000,000 to fortify it without fixing its famous lean
68th Heisman Trophy Award: Carson Palmer, USC (QB)
The Argentine debt restructuring is a process of debt restructuring by Argentina that began on January 14, 2005, and allowed it to resume payment on 76% of the US$82 billion in sovereign bonds that...
74th Heisman Trophy Award: Sam Bradford, Oklahoma (QB)
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an American wide-body airliner developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes.
18 Asylum seekers drown in the Aegean Sea on the way to Greece from Turkey
Yutu was a robotic lunar rover that formed part of the Chinese Chang'e 3 mission to the Moon. It was launched at 17:30 UTC on 1 December 2013, and reached the Moon's surface on 14 December 2013.
1,000 schools closed in Los Angeles after a email threat, supposedly from jihadists
Ceasefire declared in Aleppo to allow hundreds to be evacutated from last rebel held area
Affordable Care Act ('Obamacare') ruled unconstitutional by a federal judge in Fort Worth, Texas; later reversed by US Supreme Court
Longest ever UN climate talks end in Madrid with compromise deal on curbing carbon only, other targets deferred for a year
UK newspaper "The Sun" publishes recording of Tom Cruise berating his film crew for breaking COVID-19 protocols
Since May–June 2022, a series of labour strikes and industrial disputes have occurred in various industries of the United Kingdom's economy as workers walked out over pay and conditions.
American jazz vocal quartet "The Manhattan Transfer" marks their 50th anniversary with a farewell concert at Disney Hall in Los Angeles, California [1]
Five members of the "Bali Nine", arresting for smuggling drugs out of Indonesia in 2005, return to Australia after serving nearly 20 years in prison [1]
The Walk for Peace is a long-distance pilgrimage in the United States initiated by Buddhist monks from the Hương Đạo Vipassana Bhavana Center in Fort Worth, Texas, to Washington, D.C., promoting...
Gustave Eiffel, French civil engineer, known for french civil engineer, was born on 1832-12-15. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer.
Chico Mendes, Brazilian trade union leader and environmentalist, known for brazilian trade union leader and environmentalist, was born on 1944-12-15.
Lee Jung-jae, South Korean korean actor, known for south korean actor, was born on 1973-12-15. Lee Jung-jae is a South Korean actor, filmmaker, and businessman.
Charlie Cox, English actor, known for english actor, was born on 1983-12-15. Charlie Thomas Cox is an English actor.
Ronnie Radke, American musician, known for american musician, was born on 1984-12-15.
Jesse Lingard, South Korean athlete, known for english footballer, was born on 1993-12-15. Jesse Ellis Lingard is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger.
Henri Becquerel, French experimental physicist, known for french experimental physicist, was born on 1852-12-15.
Maxwell Anderson, American playwright and writer, known for american playwright and writer, was born on 1888-12-15.
J. Paul Getty industrialist, known for american industrialist, was born on 1892-12-15. Jean Paul Getty Sr.
Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian appoints a commission to codify the works of classical jurists (the Digest published 533)
The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first mentioned in the written records as the inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire.
St Sergius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope succeeding Conon
Chancellor Haimeric selects pope (Lamberto becomes Honorius II)
Sicilian chancellor Stephen du Perche moves the royal court to Messina to prevent a rebellion.
Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran as part of the Mongol offensive in Southwest Asia
Bishop Jonah of Moscow chosen as the new Metropolitan of Kiev, for the first time by the bishops of Moscow not the Patriarch of Constantinople
Stephen III of Moldavia defeats Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, with the latter being injured thrice, at the Battle of Baia
Bartolomeu Dias returns to Portugal after becoming the first known European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope
Leidse university names Rembert Dodoens professor of botany and medicine
Laevinus Torrentius, becomes bishop of Antwerp
State of Holland grants a patent for a windmill with a crankshaft
German astronomer Simon Marius is the first to observe the Andromeda Galaxy through a telescope, describing it as "like a candle seen at night through a horn"
Duke of Braganca crowned King Johan IV of Portugal
Philippines: Andres Malongs rebels plunders Bagnotan
Brandenburg declares himself neutral in Devolutie War
King Philip's War: After peace talk fail, Narraganset warriors attack the Jireh Bull Blockhouse, in South Kingston, Rhode Island, killing at least 15 colonists
Tax revolt on Terschelling due to tax on cereal
Battle at Kesseldorf: Prussian force beats Saksen & Austria near Dresden
US Bill of Rights is ratified and becomes Amendments 1 through 10 of the US Constitution when Virginia gives its approval
First US law school is established at the University of Pennsylvania
Insurance Company of North America (INA) is the oldest capital stock insurance company in the United States, founded in Philadelphia in 1792.
The Revolutionary Tribunal (French: Tribunal révolutionnaire; unofficially Popular Tribunal) was a court instituted by the National Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political...
1st Irish magazine in US, "Shamrock" published
1st General pharmacopoeia in US published, Boston
Gustave Eiffel, French civil engineer, known for french civil engineer, was born on 1832-12-15. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer.
The 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire was the first of two major fires the U.S. Patent Office has had in its history. It occurred in Blodget's Hotel building, Washington on December 15, 1836.
Napoleon Bonaparte receives a French state funeral in Paris 19 years after his death
Henri Becquerel, French experimental physicist, known for french experimental physicist, was born on 1852-12-15.
Philadelphia ( FIL-ə-DEL-fee-ə), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
GR Kirchoff describes chemical composition of the Sun
Anina is a town in the Banat region of Romania, in Caraș-Severin County, with a population of 5,521 in 2021. The town administers one village, Steierdorf (German: Steierdorf, Hungarian: Stájerlak).
Battle of Nashville, Tennessee: Union forces under General George Thomas shatters General John Bell Hood's Confederate Army of Tennessee
Shogunate rebels found Ezo Republic in Hokkaidō
1st reigning king to visit US is the King of Hawaii, received by President Grant
French "Statue of Liberty" sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (41) weds one of his models, Jeanne-Emilie Baheux Puysieux (46) in Newport, Rhode Island, until his death in 1904
Maxwell Anderson, American playwright and writer, known for american playwright and writer, was born on 1888-12-15.
J. Paul Getty industrialist, known for american industrialist, was born on 1892-12-15. Jean Paul Getty Sr.
Preview performance of Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 - "New World Symphony" draws a crowd to Carnegie Hall, New York City [1]
Day 2 of first cricket test between Australia and England, Australia 586 runs (Gregory 201) England 3-130
Battle at Colenso, South Africa: British army defeated by Boer force
German agricultural tariffs are increased
New York Wall Street vendor Italo Marchiony is granted a patent for a mound apparatus for making ice cream cones
The Pushkin House, formally the Institute of Russian Literature (Институт русской литературы), is a research institute in St. Petersburg.
In Persia, the Shah leads a coup de'etat against the liberal Prime Minister Nasir ul-Mulk and imprisons him, but a popular uprising forces the Shah to restore Nasir ul-Mulk soon after
Thomas J. Lynch becomes president of baseball's National League
Nicaragua becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty
The Battle of Łódź (German: Schlacht um Łódź) or Lodz operation took place from 11 November to 6 December 1914, near the city of Łódź in Poland.
ANZAC forces begin their withdrawal from the Gallipoli Peninsula after Ottoman forces successfully defend access to Constantinople
The Battle of Verdun was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the Western Front in France. The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north of Verdun.
Moldavian Republic declares independence from Russia
American Jewish Congress holds its 1st meeting
Edna St Vincent Millay's play "Aria da Capo" premieres in NYC
IVVV (association) peace congress on war forms in Hague
1st road with a depressed trough (Texas) opens to traffic
Fascist national symbol elevated in Italy
Frances Marion Parker (October 11, 1915 – December 17, 1927) was an American child who was abducted and murdered in Los Angeles, California, in 1927.
American actor Gary Cooper (32) weds American actress Veronica Balfe (20) at her mother's home on Park Avenue, New York City, until his death in 1961
Baseball owners agree to ban Sunday doubleheaders until after June 15
In major upset, Dutch grand master Max Euwe becomes World Chess Champion beating Russian Alexander Alekhine (9 wins, 13 draws, 8 losses) in Zandvoort, Netherlands
KVL-AM in Seattle Washington changes call letters to KEEN (now KING)
Groundbreaking begins for Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C.
"Gone with the Wind", drama film directed by Victor Fleming and starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh, premieres in Atlanta (Best Picture 1940, highest-grossing film of all time unadjusted for inflation)
Gas/electrical use restricted in Holland
Mary Astor (born Lucile Vasconcellos Langhanke; May 3, 1906 – September 25, 1987) was an American actress.
Massachusetts issues 1st US vehicular license plate tabs
American country music star Hank Williams (21) weds American country singer Audrey Sheppard (21). her second marriage and his first; divorce in 1952
Chico Mendes, Brazilian trade union leader and environmentalist, known for brazilian trade union leader and environmentalist, was born on 1944-12-15.
John Joseph O'Connor (January 15, 1920 – May 3, 2000) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of New York from 1984 until his death in 2000, and was made a cardinal in...
Frank Joseph Filchock (October 8, 1916 – June 20, 1994) was an American professional football player and coach.
Former state department official Alger Hiss indicted in NYC for perjury
The 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal station is an express station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway.
Christine Jorgenson is the first known American to undergo a sex-change operation
WJHG TV channel 7 in Panama City, FL (NBC/ABC) begins broadcasting
Fordham University scraps football team for financial reasons
"Folsom Prison Blues" is a song by American singer-songwriter Johnny Cash, based on material composed by Gordon Jenkins.
Emergency crisis in North Ireland proclaimed after IRA strikes
Everly Brothers record "Let It Be Me", an English translation of Gilbert Bécaud's French song "Je t'appartiens"; reaches No. 7 on the charts
The national flag of Canada, popularly referred to as the Maple Leaf, consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1∶2∶1, in which is featured one stylized, red,...
3rd cyclone of year kills 15,000 at the mouths of the Ganges River in Bangladesh
Audouin Dollfus discovers 10th satellite of Saturn, Janus
"Christmas Time (Is Here Again)" is a Christmas song by the English rock band the Beatles, originally recorded for their fifth fan club Christmas record, Christmas Time Is Here Again! (1967).
The Constitution of the State of Illinois is the governing document of the state of Illinois. There have been four Illinois Constitutions, with the fourth version adopted in 1970.
USSR performs nuclear test at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in northeast Kazakhstan
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the...
Jean Paul Getty Sr. (December 15, 1892 – June 6, 1976) was an American petroleum industrialist who founded the Getty Oil Company in 1942 and was the patriarch of the Getty family.
Lee Jung-jae, South Korean korean actor, known for south korean actor, was born on 1973-12-15. Lee Jung-jae is a South Korean actor, filmmaker, and businessman.
Jamaica premier Manley wins elections
British rocker David Bowie performs three songs on American television program Saturday Night Live - "The Man Who Sold the World", "TVC-15" and "Boys Keep Swinging"
Intelsat V F-3, then named Intelsat 503, was a communications satellite operated by COMSAT. Launched on 15 December 1981, it was the third of fifteen Intelsat V satellites to be launched.
Bill Parcells becomes 12th head coach of NY Giants
Last 80 US combat soldiers in Grenada withdrawn
Charlie Cox, English actor, known for english actor, was born on 1983-12-15. Charlie Thomas Cox is an English actor.
USSR launches Vega 1 for rendezvous with Halley's Comet
Ronnie Radke, American musician, known for american musician, was born on 1984-12-15.
killed during race riot in Karachi
CIA director William J. Casey suffers a cerebral seizure
First National US tour of musical "Les Misérables" opens at Shubert Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts
Lori Davis of Long Island sues Mike Tyson for grabbing her buttocks
Since its inception in 1954, Sports Illustrated has annually presented the Sportsman of the Year award to "the athlete or team whose performance that year most embodies the spirit of sportsmanship...
Jesse Lingard, South Korean athlete, known for english footballer, was born on 1993-12-15. Jesse Ellis Lingard is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger.
John Bruton becomes Ireland's premier
The Leaning Tower of Pisa reopens after 11 years and $27,000,000 to fortify it without fixing its famous lean
68th Heisman Trophy Award: Carson Palmer, USC (QB)
The Argentine debt restructuring is a process of debt restructuring by Argentina that began on January 14, 2005, and allowed it to resume payment on 76% of the US$82 billion in sovereign bonds that...
Pop singer Madonna (50) divorces film director Guy Ritchie (40) due to unreasonable behavior after almost 8 years of marriage
74th Heisman Trophy Award: Sam Bradford, Oklahoma (QB)
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an American wide-body airliner developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes.
American "Nip/Tuck" actor Dylan Walsh (47) divorces actress Joana Going (47) due to irreconcilable differences after 6 years of marriage
18 Asylum seekers drown in the Aegean Sea on the way to Greece from Turkey
Yutu was a robotic lunar rover that formed part of the Chinese Chang'e 3 mission to the Moon. It was launched at 17:30 UTC on 1 December 2013, and reached the Moon's surface on 14 December 2013.
1,000 schools closed in Los Angeles after a email threat, supposedly from jihadists
Ceasefire declared in Aleppo to allow hundreds to be evacutated from last rebel held area
Affordable Care Act ('Obamacare') ruled unconstitutional by a federal judge in Fort Worth, Texas; later reversed by US Supreme Court
Longest ever UN climate talks end in Madrid with compromise deal on curbing carbon only, other targets deferred for a year
UK newspaper "The Sun" publishes recording of Tom Cruise berating his film crew for breaking COVID-19 protocols
Since May–June 2022, a series of labour strikes and industrial disputes have occurred in various industries of the United Kingdom's economy as workers walked out over pay and conditions.
American jazz vocal quartet "The Manhattan Transfer" marks their 50th anniversary with a farewell concert at Disney Hall in Los Angeles, California [1]
Five members of the "Bali Nine", arresting for smuggling drugs out of Indonesia in 2005, return to Australia after serving nearly 20 years in prison [1]
The Walk for Peace is a long-distance pilgrimage in the United States initiated by Buddhist monks from the Hương Đạo Vipassana Bhavana Center in Fort Worth, Texas, to Washington, D.C., promoting...